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1. 1.BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey 2022 – OTC FX turnoverGlobal FX turnover averaged $7.5 trillion per day in April 2022; dealers 46%, other financial institutions (incl. funds) 48%, non-financial customers 6%
2. 2.Banco de España – How does monetary policy relate to exchange rates?Raising interest rates tends to make a currency more attractive and lift its value; the central bank does not set the exchange rate directly
3. 3.Federal Reserve Board – IFDP 570: Macroeconomic news and the dollarExchange rates react to the surprise component of data releases (e.g. a payrolls surprise moves the dollar)
4. 4.World Gold Council – Gold Market Commentary, April 2025A weaker US dollar and heightened risk pushed gold higher; higher rates can be a drag; investors turn to safe havens in uncertainty
5. 5.SEC Investor.gov – Stock purchases and sales: long and shortA short sale is selling something you don't own and buying it back later; it profits if the price falls
6. 6.ESMA – Prohibition of binary options and restriction of CFDs (2018)Analyses found 74–89% of retail CFD accounts typically lose money; leverage limits 30:1–2:1; negative balance protection; standardised risk warning
7. 7.FCA PS19/18 – Restricting CFD products sold to retail clientsRetail CFD leverage limited to 30:1–2:1; 50% margin close-out; negative balance protection; risk warning showing % of the firm's retail accounts that lose money
8. 8.FCA Handbook – CASS 7.13 Segregation of client moneyClient money must be held in accounts separate from the firm's own money as a key safeguard
9. 9.MetaQuotes – MetaTrader 5 Help: Open an accountDemo accounts use virtual money, have the same functionality as live accounts and need no investment